W. R. Berkley Corporation (WRB)

The valuations are calculated in Python from filed accounts, not written by a language model. Three methods run side by side: earnings power value, which capitalises a normalised operating profit; a free-cash-flow model; and the Graham Number as an asset-side cross-check. The conservative figure above starts from the lower of the first two; the Graham Number never enters it.

The frame gives no credit for growth unless the company has earned it: only a return on invested capital that has beaten the cost of capital year after year earns a growth credit, and that credit is capped. A company that compounds will therefore usually read as expensive against it — that is deliberate. It is a price-discipline floor, not a price target, and it is not a view on what the shares will do.

The EV/EBIT ranking uses the median operating profit of up to fifteen fiscal years — a full cycle — where the free screeners use the last twelve months. When the data cannot support a method, the figure reads n/a rather than a number: a free-cash-flow valuation on a bank, a PEG on erratic earnings, a multiple on a company with no operating profit to speak of.

Fundamentals from SEC EDGAR. Prices, market data and technicals from yfinance.

Filed figures from SEC EDGAR, in the reporting currency.